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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
4 u" ?/ @& a" jBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
9 ^& K# W/ V7 z4 r) H( _Exposure to Testosterone
9 m9 a  y1 n. O1 `Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- s: G$ h4 I. [7 D1 K4 ?
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 d/ g, g7 A' M3 r/ Z
Clinical Pediatrics* L" R9 _$ ]& Q3 j, f
Volume 46 Number 6  D1 u2 \  F4 Q- X$ G
July 2007 540-543' W* h: [4 a1 Q2 e! c
© 2007 Sage Publications  @7 y' j! M6 ?2 {' ^
10.1177/0009922806296651
* e2 S8 M3 k" E8 y3 }http://clp.sagepub.com
7 q: d( V/ u9 k, U( r* P: ghosted at
& k' }% \4 [5 Ehttp://online.sagepub.com! R& p* y6 |) e- v  A) c+ b- P$ p
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,3 O+ x6 N5 ]2 S. ?
is a significant concern for physicians. Central$ b, p. i$ P- S2 c
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, C( v9 V# |8 m4 @1 J' gthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ g$ a2 W: J7 O8 Y  Za higher incidence of organic central nervous system. `% ~$ W  G  e, U2 l4 Z* j$ W
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested# c+ ~$ b- F  G
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic. d% Q3 u3 j8 y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ n! i- D8 o0 @2 M) j
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- \+ ?0 r: L3 Z# v0 H* u; Xreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, O$ ?" V% `3 O- r8 ?
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 X  Q' x& k% L, J* F4 s5 C
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% v0 C: Q( [, M1 hto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ f" ~/ c0 o. }) Y7 I; p- g8 u/ J
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 g* A  o! s3 s) D2 Q: Omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this. f) y# x1 y# p* K/ v) t  _
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# z# C( x' f* e. w1 ptestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, e/ q- l: t3 o' w; N$ U, c5 w& {5 Z
bly more common than the rare case report in the  X. H) A4 a  i6 @, A
literature.4- g( `. ^4 g4 X8 ?3 \8 V
Patient Report
- C+ P4 Y7 A# J( |' H% O! rA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
  t+ i; @' [8 dendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
% R& d& O7 \5 _# B6 E8 l4 W& Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 j  h. j1 d% X1 N  k, V2 Alight colored pubic hair development when he was% q6 R9 K' c# r, ]5 ~+ Z, |
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 e% h! _: `: h( D* j( iSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.! l5 p9 m* a- S2 R/ z9 O( N
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! W% a6 t8 j0 P4 l
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of  M2 L# c# V1 n( |
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;, |% s4 ?8 j: f' C* \7 E" [3 t6 _
e-mail: [email protected].& p* m9 Q; `  G# r4 Z" f) s6 F0 J; O
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 o. k/ G: v% A7 A! a: N, i
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 m' U; p) S% A1 w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ b/ ?: f2 e7 k" X2 l% n' X; Rwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with8 m4 k* Z- k7 u& P/ v
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ o% ^/ c7 w: h" A" J
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
# d1 x. [! y5 n6 b0 P1 }( {of life and was still receiving breast milk along with6 p$ l  T: m+ l' T0 L* t* S, u3 ?
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 ^" g$ U, a+ Q; p6 Y( x1 S
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 Y8 u" `6 Y' `) M, u# l" fwas age appropriate.
& W) t) ], d  m" G% `The family history was remarkable for the father,
& ]4 b/ O2 @, ^who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 Z" y2 J+ i$ D7 K3 {4 G
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s2 [) P% O) A. T. R1 L
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' V, l! F8 S& p0 [9 [early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 a# z& B3 F8 h8 k
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 G9 i* t) K. q$ O! j' R4 X& i; g
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 v6 j0 ~" ^4 o
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* S; k& `% D* @4 m3 d5 D" f5 }9 t7 m
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' {! _9 ]) t. J) c( Y& t
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
1 x& a( a; J7 ?' A0 ytives. There were no siblings.: }( t) Z/ u+ x7 y4 X
Physical Examination
% l* X  Y- T  }5 b) HThe physical examination revealed a very active,8 q& X4 m2 l& f7 ~8 f
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented6 d) ^- t* v, I  ?
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
- z1 o5 }$ l4 l7 C) a90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" ^+ M' M$ G" U& w2 a$ j$ [/ a(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 A( D/ J3 @$ h+ Z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ ?8 Z5 E: t, W1 H) w
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 F9 V* S, k; ^& \1 @) u1 M$ a
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 L; u  N  F+ s8 j3 m% m# e
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 X* a" n% ]' l0 V9 E8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 ~  v4 Z4 l7 s  D( K' W
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
- ~/ \1 p4 \, W( z# h$ U6 h540
. ]/ V# D0 t1 `6 y8 b) a9 ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! L, [3 u% _; k5 j3 p8 h$ y- L
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ q3 T7 M: c8 T- b1 _3 Otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 B8 L# C/ e. n( n  C+ k/ w
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; U; a, k  T; J8 f3 t
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
  a% r: D5 A' a* P, [" Oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ }2 v3 ~( k0 p4 t5 R) X- e* o3 ]6 O
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 G; _% y; |' W7 q! Dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion: ^9 m, m* Z) T7 C) q6 U. w
of papilledema.
2 a8 w3 V* M9 X9 ULaboratory Evaluation1 j" f# E0 ?% Z, n
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) C# y; E7 w( Y% G) N: G0 ]using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 Z4 B4 j, o8 K& Ylogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" K. k0 ^  b, o, B, v( F" Skaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 h9 M. g" E7 y2 j, H( q
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ `0 Z2 j' q! [: u
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).' R; }0 \7 |, j( }
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  H; C6 C& c: M2 t; M0 d3 eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were1 W2 y* X1 t# y4 ^% Q. w$ Z' r# R
within normal range for his age. The concentration
  g" H! ^' X3 t, |+ cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 ?/ k) D' p& m3 ^$ V& \9 q: |. W7 d(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) n" J& W2 R, c1 ~( E% ing/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) g& n& W: M1 C' l8 M, J. s6 i
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ d+ J% v; w/ a4 ]desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 _9 l0 ~/ E, q. Y: |49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 W) z2 {' n! p! Y5 _: `was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 ^1 Z- m2 x" |$ c. v: }$ p
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
- @+ L5 w4 d1 w1 b( etestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 D# |$ a  y& E4 rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
+ T, }1 m- P+ W- z$ S6 Z+ \6 m2 w! \5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
4 G: w, o  N' tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; T0 i) j/ Y7 }! cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 ]& u' z, c5 s3 H7 f% l
(prepubertal).7 H$ Y( _+ n7 L9 ~
The parents were notified about the laboratory# e' q7 F2 S: }! V4 ^2 |
results and were informed that all of the tests were- m+ N: s* i9 @: J
normal except the testosterone level was high. The, Z% d! C) d  T6 @4 Z
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% c# l5 p2 N1 [9 q. Lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-2 k. G8 L3 u* X+ B* @. L
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
8 E; u1 k3 [7 [4 `" w; mPhysical examination at this time revealed that the4 N1 ~+ W2 u, q# |* j1 V
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained/ l- u( }7 F+ Y% U
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
; g0 O1 |4 v  z6 }unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
8 z9 S. F4 X/ N8 N9 a% [pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
: E( V0 e- u) {! N& Q% l( @" ~0 Mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
: C1 |# u- R( a# {5 @" c; b, PmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# ~) M% p% d0 |7 P/ d8 k
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ g5 M# f1 N! A1 ]! S% ming frequent erections.
1 m3 Y3 `" v; B# c6 ]3 KBoth parents were again questioned about use of2 Q4 e- _* a  S! k0 n
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to# G* F. S$ K- ~; l8 k
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 [2 `5 m, ~" V! Y( j
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 X- W1 F7 R5 I3 ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. {6 H7 Z' g" z- t0 {& s  ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' m. s9 I+ v  v) u" K
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed- T- M0 M  D" n8 [
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# x" `1 E4 y1 L0 S  ?' _+ @5 v, sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
- ]2 g9 E/ M1 tsecondary to depression.8 E% |9 a9 n6 V0 P4 ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
6 b  U! q% r# ?8 s9 {' AThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; p5 W! Z, ]3 q4 r0 Y, Achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) x" U1 j7 c- g9 inificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
+ b8 }+ q; y1 [7 n. l# u0 NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ P0 p7 [7 a2 nwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 j  y/ h* L  c2 F* [+ h- cwas high, he then read the product information& J. ^2 e# r  O# E5 b4 ?3 i
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 a. ^: a* }9 e) Y* e' e. h  ason for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) }! j' X% F; ]
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
- n- D. J- F! t! }4 D. V$ ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 y# P7 p+ a. B0 a6 g; Hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone7 ~5 [; e  R9 m4 L
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 _7 b2 ]. k3 L/ U0 rlaboratory to obtain the test.2 J. t+ t! H' f' g+ }- E
Discussion
" k: P6 v) d5 Q7 F8 t$ lPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, m3 D) f( N8 d1 G* {: P7 ^1 B# wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* S) M3 F2 l" APrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: z* r5 I, Z+ H9 Qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 M0 `% ^/ u# _, Jthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-9 ?# i* M  |: H1 P
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ L( E. W8 _, L  H7 Y3 S2 G
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
# B( i$ f" s: r0 ~3 V  }" uresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; H: h# C7 T2 W1 M; F
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
( M8 j* M  W! `# |3 J, B, j! Bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
2 ^! z# ]% E6 N" d! |3 \6 fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-" c; H+ v  Q, b( B1 o0 P. U# P# Q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- W$ v: U9 R- ?' T9 n  ?1 @+ xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by0 s1 h  b7 ~( t, A
gonadotropins.1,3
( x7 \0 r& Q; p/ r' q& S* x3 L1 fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
6 K; U  u$ K; z( l8 Ncious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 ~& b5 V; _; o- O. r1 E
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' T7 E: i( B0 B9 x. t* l" i
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-! `7 ?  N3 M5 D9 @
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' y4 x' l5 ]! |& G# k& A, N! `
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 X' z6 i5 ?  y& K) |9 l5 O5 N+ L9 X
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' J% j* i- y( G9 r
puberty in boys.3,4; s1 ]7 T/ A- }) f; C
The most common form of congenital adrenal' ?+ [( h& U4 `8 \0 [. _
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
/ {0 a8 T; e* }6 v0 c  {, QThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
0 x5 B8 n; \& T3 h- @% Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,: e9 H8 U1 n8 h& N2 E
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 o4 F; H# q; h' l$ r
excess.1,3, V! ^- S+ _1 y* a: c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 y+ L$ y( U( A: Z9 w542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& i0 _2 o5 r6 e+ I
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
9 e- s( ]8 _$ [" ~# C3 Y! n- w8 |independent precocious puberty, which is also known
- O! P& ^+ }- f$ M  was testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% h. U* h1 B! j, ?
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
' X' _3 v' C! Qwith this disorder are full pubertal development,% s& v0 k* K$ V
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ R3 z& q9 U: P- [
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* O2 F1 i5 Q" q0 f: S# r8 B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- P% ?$ Y8 R$ ^! a/ N8 n
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' V$ |! T; _4 W& H% b
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' [/ q  v! s. @1 s  Gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
6 g5 G6 O8 w& w6 E$ d* imales; therefore, other male members of the family
& [' |2 s* [; N4 K6 O/ C) r1 `% \may have similar precocious puberty.3
( W5 y: Q" t& q3 `( N: ?( K" fIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
+ j1 K  U0 K! L( a( Nsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 _( \; B$ e) Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ X" e, z( J  x. B" d/ D- Zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father$ j' h7 b$ d8 {; s; I) s
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 m0 o' a& [& {) n" m; w
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: @$ [7 B  Z. j% Pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 u) m7 K" `# e8 B, B: t' D; Oative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ h; J* Y5 D! ^: i% l  h/ G9 qbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,1 q# P. s6 j+ B0 K& i
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, S9 J4 e) {: A2 t! e
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* D9 s$ \* p% j; P
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 k% x' B* s( Z$ M# l0 @
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 \( d5 b6 [" Q% O2 _, s: gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 g9 k& x6 t8 E" I( w8 x$ @! ?
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 _2 |$ G; L2 d$ _pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 r- r8 x0 |3 Adecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' ^9 o; X, l; @0 g$ R3 ?
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was6 c: X5 b; |7 T$ R
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’8 U8 R, f3 f6 T
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% t8 z3 F3 F' x/ F: Y6 O& u2 bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 @6 l! k( u# g- D$ ?/ sunprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 d1 X4 D1 W! M. C+ s- |
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
* v$ ?& D1 F& L! ?( R2 b& X. }baseline value in those females who were exposed to" S* D: x7 F8 T6 @4 s
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
" Z% i9 w9 g# j8 ]  w2 Bpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( B4 T, m( e. C0 w, z+ ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: v2 m5 w# d4 c4 @
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
! c$ F) z) h5 o0 owhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
6 m) ^0 \; v3 X# ^  _dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& ]7 q" I$ W  H0 B, I6 m
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 r' k( s1 C; Zactive in young children exposed to testosterone
* c) h/ z7 H$ i8 }* ]* Xexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
8 [$ l7 V, y) ~1 \# W9 bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to9 l# z" n" \: w% ?' u: r# `
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
$ H- C1 y  j. F8 B+ k" h- Ychildren results in an increase in growth velocity and+ W9 Z& |8 q" f
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* J6 a% H# c' O/ v/ n
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: i0 y* q9 V/ Kearly childhood on pubertal development and final
/ v  H" k8 r6 E3 k3 Qadult height are not fully known and always remain2 N. [" y6 C6 p& q7 P1 Z# K/ Y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 e: M9 i* y; pterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 P/ z1 X  J. X0 T; d* D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% ?. R1 H# A7 u2 j
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ p; T5 \  i: d9 jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' Q8 M5 E- l" T) W
There are conflicting reports and controversy. s+ k7 T4 ^) F% s$ I
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# T5 `5 n  @7 r2 J. z! Q+ c
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& }; P: |3 q" \3 ^, C5 d. X* gadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-# O6 J7 H! D9 d( g  q% r
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 X* y: i7 v6 @" e5 m
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# E/ F9 m1 J2 A2 |* R% Zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 d. q/ G: j0 I  i2 A/ Z9 E6 Xpenile length in clinical studies.
: G. V5 t/ \* JNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' X& g* }3 r1 U: c$ Y8 A4 p, P
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- p$ s3 R' h# X/ f% x
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ m% |3 n+ Q' ^, W: Q6 S+ M% a( Dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! r/ n9 b/ z% B$ Q% D0 `
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 ], h2 Z$ ]  V4 a4 udiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# G1 X3 d9 a0 T  E5 s  _/ ?8 b, H" ithe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
* a) m3 A1 T6 m$ Z5 N4 x6 |4 }4 \height will not be affected.
/ A' h0 P- W+ W1 r8 iAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-! @- ?$ p8 r: Y0 F
ability of androgen products in our society may6 b8 F; R# n6 M) V7 u/ v- e
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ K$ }/ H) {) M% E4 u# ^: g
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) o' q9 ^( u. Y5 W4 W- z2 z9 V0 ]6 T; _gen products must be considered and specific ques-% k' b; b2 L4 C
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. ^5 l8 K' E7 ~gel should be asked of the family members during
: T+ `# h5 S  n+ S* g2 i" ~! Xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-% |4 _- l6 D4 u$ h# v
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' j+ O3 R; S$ s8 znosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 |" A5 ^: [# _. O2 Y) Aappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
6 V- [/ K& L% i: V+ uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' E' Q* y6 ?3 x- J7 s, h# w: dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive* U! U: ^% R  \+ `7 Q
investigation. The primary care physician should be
+ W* U  o; n2 V3 U0 Z* y6 D/ vaware of this fact, because most of these children! l7 i8 l- [. J* i
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% P3 q4 w4 C; z( m" m) M& n
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
! C- j7 {' ?1 [" p" O  b$ jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  j! |1 X1 E! [0 t# S/ W5 Tfemale child who might come in contact with some-
5 I+ K( n* U6 }, g1 Eone using any of these products.
" F! r! W: n# XReferences
) }$ R9 M/ F# \0 h) O# Y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
  G- q1 F' ?2 Iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' C6 Z% Y* |% t# U5 V2 m
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) ^: X( f9 _/ R# [  F& b4 W. r
2002: 565-628.* L" o, o: F; R6 _4 I
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* p: G: s8 _, Zpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" {, u  E; s1 q, ]* P1 a3 w$ XBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 a# z9 D% m% k" S8 e5 ^Exposure to Testosterone
- m$ e" t% z9 ~1 h: v, F( k+ jSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 R$ C4 m! u; ^, q8 Oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, K' j( p3 k- W& K3 \! q3 e
Clinical Pediatrics
+ U& s; k) c( u$ ^/ VVolume 46 Number 63 l# o, V& u: X! M. f4 U8 _7 }
July 2007 540-543+ g! z* a% V6 D5 H
© 2007 Sage Publications
3 |+ Y/ W: k5 q+ l  P5 ]$ i9 B  P10.1177/0009922806296651* L! Q: ?- s; l
http://clp.sagepub.com$ N: c+ ^$ l1 h5 y* h
hosted at" E' R1 T3 _: b! M, ^
http://online.sagepub.com
* [" x: y! R0 q- ]Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,8 O( a% Y$ ~. c: ~0 {0 x
is a significant concern for physicians. Central0 L/ K7 R& |: ?# C+ k1 ^2 P
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 i9 v" |( X) M8 x
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
1 z" p8 O: o: I9 e9 o& Oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 |- I+ F; ]1 @3 `1 c$ ]/ J& K
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 S) J( B3 C" y) d4 fby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic- Z: Y- j* H: _! ^3 k
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 p  J/ [" X) H6 C5 m6 T
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
. o7 N* \, y4 o+ {+ n# f2 J% Xreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' k2 l1 ?% @1 l' x( t
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-& |  U3 V2 I9 r0 U( E3 c& k
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due% x8 |: g1 q9 x; C: P3 u
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 l# d8 x3 r* u' v& w. O4 w% z6 R
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& U! Q3 X2 x! t; pmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# l) U0 K0 C6 L  `& c. V
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( s( g9 g% v* Y. u  wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  @! T) u( }# @% T4 a
bly more common than the rare case report in the( z$ y( p. O6 R
literature.4. |+ ^* ^# V1 N" R/ E" x1 H
Patient Report
5 J4 h0 g  `" l! d+ GA 16-month-old white child was referred to the- C) i9 `0 C3 T- y" F7 J1 u) z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
+ G4 \. ?' J1 A6 X+ F, o( _$ Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed
0 H1 t: Q8 g% J2 d$ jlight colored pubic hair development when he was
( x& L, Z4 D$ w, x3 uFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
% X- K6 J' z, ]South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, O5 \( C# w" D7 n+ Y* }) VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
2 r; s9 G7 |, e) W# W8 K6 TProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 t' _+ y* ~" O5 @# _$ g
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
4 y3 v4 _# s  h" T; z4 m! C# ^e-mail: [email protected].8 f1 U# n4 {9 ~. F8 r& r) h
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 V/ v& }4 O6 b3 M+ \darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& k6 z: q* B' P! P0 Y& _
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 l# G7 b6 D0 g/ G8 E0 A2 f, S; E8 Cwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with3 y9 ]9 r1 e8 b& ^
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
9 N5 S. S: M. e: Y  {6 \/ ?" L20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year, y. _  \. J$ f3 S! l- B
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with7 M1 K0 n3 X& ~! y* Y0 P% H
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,5 x; B! ~. Z  v& E2 J1 t- e
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
$ A$ E" z: c* R" C' Q+ m# Qwas age appropriate.
+ H' j0 Q7 O& aThe family history was remarkable for the father,
+ C! C- t! `8 t3 q. z" e9 Dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
5 T7 }, j; B# o7 R: X( V  v6 twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
3 |5 }) J; w1 s" D( a5 _height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 _% a4 U, n. z" H3 c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." [4 u- x2 {' P* D/ e1 L6 ?7 O
The father denied taking any other medication. The
5 T0 Y- J1 f: R% i4 s4 Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 I- T0 v; S. T: `. ?
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet# d$ v* b7 n5 h. \0 {7 M' [
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, T% v9 w. A  Z
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-2 [7 O1 }5 e" L% |8 }! m
tives. There were no siblings.% B; k; `" N$ W9 K8 i, u, w( D
Physical Examination0 ^/ S3 ^3 l4 Y
The physical examination revealed a very active,
9 T' A( E+ c  ^6 d$ ?6 ^# ~playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" z$ k$ e, l5 A8 ba blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" T8 s2 ]7 C0 f! a- X90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% C' \8 ]* T6 U; @9 v
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ R5 r  e. U$ \velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* S$ h. e! Q8 k
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 I0 m2 W9 V. p% V& r+ s- }9 \The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ g: }( ], H2 ^. [8 @8 h
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
' m+ w2 ?0 k( L1 I& T% t8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% N- @. M) [: \; w$ T) }% O
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 p' A1 p, l" u$ R
540- G3 |8 ~$ g* M$ o% _, Q1 `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 q+ D, q- d- i* |  n' ^7 F
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' t2 A; A: T, b& dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
% q" v! E9 Q% e4 [  S9 q4 b) ?The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- S% O8 C1 ?' c( ]. q: N7 aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, O+ O: q& f' g: g3 \+ g; Q
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( H& S0 \' m: ]1 C$ M3 M& N# U
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 E; Q3 z2 ~) E9 Y
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
- n: Q2 y5 S, r- v  @! P6 Bof papilledema.+ V+ P% `; ~6 E; m! V- x9 v
Laboratory Evaluation/ a% ^% u7 [( v
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 W5 t) c* _7 C# `1 ?% P7 G0 u# M
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 N. w2 h1 b3 f6 O. e5 n/ M
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal- W( M3 Z7 p+ \- Z' I, P
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 |+ D7 \9 t& h7 V1 Ashowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ ~- o- j6 W. u! j2 k
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 V; f/ p6 z$ T5 J3 N. o
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood8 Z' I0 O3 A! K5 T) \8 \' E
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ O8 e9 s( ]' s5 r2 d" E4 D
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 e: p/ B% m2 P
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" z3 b1 S6 p$ J# C2 a% V$ u
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 207 Z; m4 c3 X$ `  x1 Q- N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
' I4 |" R3 z& |2 }" r4 Zterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! C( S! ~4 R" j* J- G+ \. J
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' t5 y& x& T7 b49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& J- h! A- ]' d' V4 `
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
- V( [8 \2 P+ q% q! T& Etisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
) C. R- E) L* H: D+ m8 U1 Xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
  g$ j/ L' b9 w) h3 Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than0 N, L3 ]8 |; i3 ^+ y" D
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' ?4 W% ?! z0 g! Ostimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 n. [5 E6 w  L, `+ G( Uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 ?6 h- ?5 N& s% h) O(prepubertal).3 E$ r' k" Y9 f0 O
The parents were notified about the laboratory2 r+ M$ |' _( A, R7 Z9 M0 d3 g
results and were informed that all of the tests were, I7 D5 I/ H: F
normal except the testosterone level was high. The' w- \( y4 X0 o6 D5 U$ a
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! _6 s# ^: F4 l8 K( S) U$ Z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-3 r4 Z! B0 d# @1 ~$ P( H, R* T3 ]" z
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.- b2 g, G9 v& B/ P# X3 J) o( @9 o
Physical examination at this time revealed that the2 R' \3 i  j. s. H- J8 v- l" M
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 J1 \0 q1 R' z3 C
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! @8 c5 P& f0 J5 ^* N* \" l
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 g  \. |4 }  w
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) H% n7 S% m8 I2 C; b4 r" D/ T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, _- v& b& m+ \2 P- U, j( v
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged./ n6 E- N" ~( s0 a& i) [
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; {) K. {5 ^5 t( |* q/ s
ing frequent erections.0 G, A6 Y' j& u9 z' T0 b
Both parents were again questioned about use of
: G9 U: h5 w: w  A4 |$ jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to2 A, y: p- @* L3 a, ^
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  x, d+ m% C1 ]1 U7 @Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541/ r! X6 p- x. h
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: c  ^; P3 b; o$ k1 fing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% d, l) u, E. Q. u- x, D" G! N& t
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed+ G9 T" m# d& @% W* b% g8 F
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! x0 T& @3 X3 r; _9 a8 pscribed by his family physician for decreased libido, F$ E/ V: N4 ?- N7 |6 D
secondary to depression.
5 V$ x' ^0 {+ ~) N& {% Y# U4 cThe child slept in the same bed with parents./ k" g  \3 ^4 @. q6 v8 C: }
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; D$ @( @8 n: ~. J6 ]# w& @chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 k; d& M2 C0 m0 I" `nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% d; z, ]/ g* c# W* J$ h7 \2 j
The father also admitted that after the phone call,7 {, C/ A) g8 A, o4 m9 _2 z$ _) D! t
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 R, k- ~( \! f  n4 ]! ~was high, he then read the product information6 B: s2 h. G  `- W' a+ ^3 u# L
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; x, M5 T) E( Qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& v9 ~: M$ f% L  b! X* u$ l* _decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% ^1 \4 a5 @3 q7 N8 dfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# v9 u2 N8 j1 q7 ]; |been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 S( J3 R$ K6 C# W3 P6 y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the9 |% k! E+ |- H
laboratory to obtain the test.
4 p, q% \* J3 i1 }Discussion( t$ d6 \7 X' Y+ K7 j0 \) ?
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 u: k* e* Q; o- g" h3 G1 fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 \: [5 L$ V! t7 Q
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 b: L" V3 [7 }
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-% k! t: W) b9 V! f4 `5 U" ]
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' x! h; t4 d# j4 K! y( O$ y
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP3 ]! {, D* z* J5 E, j8 m
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. Y2 O! z9 x8 p; o& |/ \" |
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 k* J$ e2 p  j- vamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 v! J9 I+ Y8 a6 N/ {. Z& t# \sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# C) b. D' v/ J' Uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-% Z7 J0 q. j3 u+ {: L+ O  x
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) ~7 B8 t. j2 l! I: q" u9 e
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! V7 X5 N( K6 P- M8 Ggonadotropins.1,3
8 n* g, i: @+ n. }Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 O* i4 Y8 E7 {3 P4 C
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: ~  X2 p- o/ z$ L: p' G6 Zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 {, [3 ]& H+ d7 D1 [" E6 |; m3 l! z3 iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-8 i$ Z" c# @% h( P; H& ~
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 W+ \8 y  S( v- M/ l
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
' ?9 W* U4 d& hadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: c- O, x9 Q; n2 G# Y7 K$ F; B) E# ?puberty in boys.3,4" V, V7 {! c. Q, ?
The most common form of congenital adrenal
) ]$ G& v9 l# D% p3 _% M% j5 Fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 O* l7 \  _" n0 gThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in( T8 N' |- S0 y5 N- Z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
+ N1 L$ r$ j8 w1 N7 L3 i& kan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 a9 y/ Z0 q- G: pexcess.1,3
7 |6 B! b( C9 p9 E! j' |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* g) ^8 S% }* P2 t8 H6 R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' k$ f  {0 X2 y8 a; N2 J+ Z: KA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" L/ ~2 T3 M- n8 k2 P8 i( G% Findependent precocious puberty, which is also known
' g+ a% E4 L7 O" @# @+ xas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
0 Z4 w0 j+ M4 d2 q/ z2 E+ Pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 B/ {& D; \6 Q# Nwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
/ [# j, L3 E, ~' t+ s$ D# |, ^! f) Xincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 @2 x) U) A: @& c9 A
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
5 G$ c7 Y0 |. |) y$ M7 Z* \/ @are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 O% M  D1 R0 m* Z6 Hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-: M# |" j! I8 z' \8 B3 t
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) y* ^$ ^$ q+ |! b& k$ i+ x6 E* R
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 S$ E( U$ R4 i8 m& }$ |. L3 qmales; therefore, other male members of the family& v% k; Z4 I, V
may have similar precocious puberty.3, g, K0 [/ U. x) @
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
5 s" s( o- X' B- p7 V! Zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 Z% _3 d2 C% M0 V9 ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) O' |& d, ]; q, u9 mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
" I4 h5 V  z5 ~( J: }: zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 G& x0 m# `0 r! m3 J0 E$ ttesticular enlargement is not that evident in the( z+ Y, ^" \8 Y, d6 Z, E! j7 r
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- I% W' a! g- W2 C
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
  [# S8 R- G0 n: wbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' }8 M6 R) B$ W+ m: I& D6 j7 xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
  k: |+ X6 _) y! R8 ], }# Cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
$ y" Y# T  C8 J0 e. A, _ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
; U6 O. |( l- B" BThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  ?  g4 A( Y% I* Lsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- t4 s, Q9 z9 X' X  F! D
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-  |* {/ j/ d' F; X( N
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' d  z6 b( x( G  @* \$ A, Z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
3 v- M, K+ s% x2 V- R4 ]$ {terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: q2 }4 `5 ~8 f) f# d3 y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ |" [" `: {" o, bDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) H1 z  {9 f3 G( kcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
8 S7 ]6 [4 A% t  F* d+ [2 c/ munprotected females through direct skin exposure.& z7 L& S/ O8 A4 y. N( y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  w# k( O3 z- ]+ F5 T7 n0 ]baseline value in those females who were exposed to
! C3 W: t; U, H( A$ N/ U6 \& l. Oeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) E, x" h6 A5 z5 q1 {/ \; }partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 r0 ]5 q8 x, F* ^
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, [: z0 u. ~* `& A! M$ qOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
: o$ X! d; e7 y' {8 N3 w  c( Pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 K. X+ ^5 t( H+ P/ _
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-1 h/ X  D5 G& C( `. M( u
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) k- t; s1 X8 S+ {0 @$ Q- Yactive in young children exposed to testosterone
& m) H% {' R3 H. g2 gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
5 i2 K( n2 n8 a" Cdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ |& _( t) C5 E+ ]4 E9 L6 U/ z2 n
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( h2 O  P0 q3 ^, vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and6 K! j8 y  E& w' f1 G. s4 G
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
0 ]" z' V; [- y4 r6 @+ ^/ A3 mThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
2 F1 v. p5 `* m0 Mearly childhood on pubertal development and final3 G/ P" _+ Z3 [# j& Q
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: y$ Z9 E1 j9 i$ l8 ^; O7 w1 j- s! C8 La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
& l. L9 q4 ^; l8 j1 y2 gterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
' u/ `; e6 Y1 j& x9 }; a  P! z: R- zacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. e$ u' v* [) ~& {1 _! l
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation( |: h5 v1 D. e, M* d' ]" f8 X
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* H$ z; ]6 f" T4 s4 o) lThere are conflicting reports and controversy
  ?5 z2 _  c) O4 ~, Q6 R- i* Vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" X& f* P/ g0 y2 h1 jpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal9 A2 }1 T; Y6 {4 Y, X6 N( |
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
, ^0 f; x( Q) {: U* ], G% dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' e" o( E6 A4 b1 P, ?4 KSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: J% Y/ R; U; D6 [: z7 t
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# \# m# Y6 l! Spenile length in clinical studies.
+ E4 w5 z( Z7 I: t/ ANonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) d% _$ I+ o; R2 b3 s; f3 w
going to experience any of the untoward effects from* c0 W- F- S: \2 _* k7 M
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 R; Z# A) h! ?  x/ o% xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. J" y9 P6 s* {& w/ K% x6 z# K) \% t
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of. o0 }. p- ?5 I; b$ ?- V3 O
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' s& g! W, g, t& nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 G, B5 f8 {7 g& ?3 F' K, c' lheight will not be affected.
* N$ r/ d8 G- ~! \' |8 x0 e8 YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 l! V5 A3 t9 r
ability of androgen products in our society may
: H- i$ n+ G/ U# Findeed cause more virilization in male or female! i* t! W$ I  i( I+ x- O
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 N& u- ]) a- I8 N6 a
gen products must be considered and specific ques-+ H  S& l; T+ A! M% k0 m0 a' X
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or4 W; P% W4 N$ ]0 w
gel should be asked of the family members during. {# M4 N% t  f( T
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 f- D8 M' F3 w6 k: Q, ^9 {9 filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' }7 I! ]! g* G8 ~/ r
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by: l/ `& R$ s: [4 v' @# r0 N3 \
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% V5 T. N( K4 W9 W% S( |history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) ]) t' x, {' P, V+ ?result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
- a9 P! o0 Q4 g' F& P; hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
( D  \6 |  A# G. o$ O8 Kaware of this fact, because most of these children
6 R, u3 @8 j& d& [' [may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) n( h; {2 Y9 m. U6 F/ D8 [Desk Reference and package insert should also put a, V+ P8 b4 o+ y0 d7 w0 D- T6 r
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or6 b3 Y8 s$ C( k( D5 W* }3 T$ [1 T
female child who might come in contact with some-
  {' q3 w7 \' Oone using any of these products.
7 m. Y' y0 Y8 x, PReferences- f3 Z3 A% f' d
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. ?! T1 F/ A% Y0 u
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) [% ?, n3 u6 ?
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 x  E5 r1 }' ^* r( t7 }2002: 565-628.( M2 N2 I7 Z% a/ k. B& `% d
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ m. L! n  Z+ ]* z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

, U( ~; g$ Z5 n* V% y, k! Y精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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